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Literature Review: Electronic Scholarly Editions

Being a third student myself I am accustomed to the tradition of much of my academic world only being available to me online. While unfortunately I’m a firm fan of the material world of print, I am at the same time accepting and appreciative of the vast amount of knowledge that is at my fingertips, something that was not available until quite recently in the academic world.

            Price’s essay on the electronic scholarly edition is one which is accepting of the inevitable fate that in the near future it appears that most “scholarly work will take digital form”. The problem according to Price is that in this digital age a vast amount of scholarly print is not digital and is therefore not being consumed fully or properly. The main reason for this he claims is that the people in charge of archives for example literary and historical scholars are not trained or prepared for the technological world whatsoever. The point Price makes is that the digital world is a much more flexible world than the world of print. The digital world is endless there a re problems here with the cost of publication due to size restraints or colour restraints, digitally there is unlimited freedom for the sharing of information. While this seems a positive development it does bring with it some negative aspects. The requirements of the people needed not to mind the amount of people needed in addition to the vast amount of time to would take to carry out the task is costly. These are not projects that can be undertaken alone. Price explains that a big amount of collaboration would have to take place between archivists, librarians, funding agencies, students to name but a few. There is also the technical side of things that must be taken into account the people with the knowledge of the actual technology.

            An interesting point raised by Price is on the idea of the vast audience that suddenly becomes available to scholars when they enter the digital world. Before the cost and distribution of the material articles entailed that only a limited number of people would ever get to encounter their work . However the dawning of the digital reassures scholars that there work can be distributes on a worldwide scale in a short space of time. Price concludes that the benefits socially of free online resources cannot yet be fully understood.

            Price’s work is an interesting piece it is frustrating to think of the immense archival material and scholarly material that is present in the world today but is unavailable to most because of its fragile or inaccessible nature. It seems according to Price that it will be a long time before everything becomes digital because of the costs and intelligent collaboration required to digitalize everything. On the plus side there is already a vast amount of information now digitally available that was not there ten years ago. The impact of technology really only has been a positive one for the scholarly world as information and ideas can now be shared with a global audience and they quite often have the ability to respond to the information they are provided. Which can only lead to healthy debate and the furthering of ideas and theories.

            In conclusion Price’s piece is a highly interesting and insightful one into the world of scholarly editions, a brilliant simple introduction to the topic for any reader.

Literary Review: Blogs and Blogging: Text and Practice

Being a newcomer to the world of blogs and blogging in general, apart from my very brief attempts at keeping a very personal blog in a diary format on a social networking site, I found Aimeee Morrison’s piece highly enjoyable and quite interesting. My basic understanding of a blog was that it involved publishing my own thoughts and views on the world and life in general on the web for all to see. I thought there was something prestigious or powerful tied up in blogging the ability to change a persons opinion or to give insightful information from your own perspective on things that truly interested you. The ability to share your thoughts with others that a person would only read it if they had a genuine interest in what you had to say. It turns out my idea of what blogging entails was very limited and quite lacking in what the reality of the blogging world really is.

            Morrison’s piece begins by introducing the blog and what formats a blog can take. Blogs according to Morrison strech far beyond the scope of what I understood. She explains that a blog can be a journalistic, political, academic tool, it can be a source of entertainment or a way to bring people with similar interests together, it can be a way to earn a respectable income or a huge income and a manner in which aspiring persons can attain fame and recognition. It is not merely the personal device I thought it to be. Morrison provides the reader with a clear description of what a blog is, in its most basic form an online page made up of individual sections of text known as posts. These posts can include pictures, photographs, videos, hyperlinks, audio files and can be as short or as long as the writer desires.

            Morrison explains how one of the most interesting features of a blog is its function for conversation. A follower of a blog can comment on what the author has written, which allows for conversations to begin, questions to be asked, and most importantly ideas and thoughts to be shared. In the academic world this allows students to converse with peers and lecturers at a level which they may be more comfortable with, rather than raising questions in a large lecture hall. It also allows students to raise questions and share ideas which enhances their knowledge of a subject and questions can be answered from a much larger perspective than ever before.

            The blog as a tool for aspiring artists, writers, etc… is also very important as it provides people with a stage to put themselves out there and feel like their efforts are not going to waste. However this too is problematic as the blog world is now dense maze and trying to find what you are looking for or what interests you can be next to impossible. Morrison explains that there are now “special-purpose search engines” that can assist in tailoring your search results to your desires. There is also a “blogroll” which is a “sidebar link” that helps the reader to easily access other blogs of similar content.

            The world of blogging has vastly expanded in the last decade from its humble beginnings in double digits to literally millions that are active today. Aimeee Morrison’s essay is a fine introduction to the vast world of blogging but can at times be a little tedious to read and follow. As Morrison herself explains that the blog world can at times be static in terms of its problems with searching for information, this piece too can be somewhat static in places. However overall it is a very informative essay and does provide the reader with a proper introduction to the world of blogs.

Literary Review: Imagining the New Media Encounter Alan Liu

Alan Liu’s piece on Imagining the New Media Encounter is at best complicated and convoluted. In saying that however I did draw some information from the piece. One of the key points Liu tries to put across at the beginning of his essay is how unsettling new encounters in the media world can initially be. There is something mysterious and pagan about the digital age and new inventions can at first seem very alien to our lives but we tend to be quick to assimilate and understand these alien forces. Take for example a social networking site such as Facebook, twenty years ago the idea of posting personal information and photos to a place that can be seen by a vast audience would have been unthinkable. But humans quickly became accustomed to the idea and there are now well over 300 million Facebook pages alone not to mind the countless others on different social networking sites.  We rapidly assimilated these digital privacy invasions into our lives.

There does seem to be a link here or a connection that could be established between how quickly we accept new technology into our lives and how we could transfer this acceptance to the academic world. While our academic lives are currently a mixture between print and digital it would seem to make sense to try and make it all digital. It would vastly open up the academic world on a global scale. Particularly in relation to future generations, Liu mentions making new media more accessible for future generations so they can take our generations and past generations developments even further and perhaps adapt the world of new media and internet culture further into their scholarly lives. Perhaps libraries will become a thing of the past. It was mentioned in the piece that it has taken generations to convert fully from the oral to the written in order to fully utilise it maybe the same process is underway with new media, a slow conversion. Liu introduces the example of Augustine discovering Ambrose reading silently which at the period in question was an unusual thing to do, this is an indication of how far we have come in terms of developments into the digital era and how much further we have to go.

            Another idea pushed through in Liu’s piece is tied into the idea of the power that is tied up in new media. Liu provides us with an example from Lévi Strauss, of a group of what appear to be a tribal people with a chief leader, who had never before encountered paper and pencils.

They immediately tried to mimic or imitate what Strauss was doing. The chief would reply to the anthropologist’s questions by scribbling and drawing lines on the paper and presenting it to him. Although he could not possibly have understood what he was doing he had a grasp of the power of communication that tied up in what he was doing and how it could further his knowledge. In the piece Liu mentions Leonard Dood and his report Communication in Africa, in which he describes an African man who each evening listened to the BBC news although he spoke no English. There is a sense that the African man understood the knowledge that was tied to the news, he could sense the power of it even if he could not understand it. This seems to make sense in our lives as we do are quick to accept new technology even though we do not understand how it works mechanically most of the time.

            These examples however are the only fully comprehensive components in Liu’s piece. Being a new comer to the subject of New Media I feel I gained very little knowledge from reading this essay. I would require a base of knowledge in this subject to have understood what Liu was trying to point out. Furthermore he consistently made references to the classics, which not having personally studied I found very time consuming and frustrating as I had to continuously look up all references he made.

Bibliography

  • A Companion to Digital Literary Studies, ed. Susan Schreibman and Ray Siemens. Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.

The Influence of Technology on the Music Industry

The Influence of Technology on the Music Industry

Presentation for: EN3008.19 (OM) Te[/ch]xtuality, Technotexts and Hypertexts 

 

The Influence of Technology on the Music Industry

This argument is about gaining a better understanding of the impact that technology has had on the music industry in recent years. This piece will look mostly at the negative impacts that technology has had on the music industry but it will also look briefly into some of the more positive impacts it too has created.

Technology has affected the music industry in both a positive and a negative way. While technology allows music to be distributed all over the world at the touch of a button and enables artists to advertise on an unprecedented scale it also allows music to be pirated illegally anywhere, anytime. Music Piracy is the unauthorized duplication of goods protected by intellectual property law, i.e. music that is protected by copyright. This comes in the form of individual’s illegally uploading or downloading music online, online companies who build businesses based on theft and encourage users to break the law and people manufacturing mass numbers of counterfeit CDs for illegal purchase or even merely the copying of a CD for a friend.[1]

How did Music Piracy begin? Music Piracy originated in the 1920s when radio stations first began airing records. Even though stations had purchased the records legally, the frequency of the broadcasts was not tracked. Therefore the artists and writers were receiving no form of payment for their work apart from the money received for the purchase of the original record. Eventually performance rights societies passed legislation to ensure that stations acted fairly in tracking their airplay and paid a blanket licence fee which was then distributed to writers and artists in relation to the airtime they received. While not a perfect solution, most accepted it, as it was better than nothing. Vinyl was impossible to copy and even the invention of the blank tape did little to damage the profits the music industry were raking in, as copying a record to a blank tape was a complex process involving a reel-to-reel machine hooked up to a phonograph receiver and a pre-amplifier, which often resulted in very poor sound quality. Following this was the invention of the cassette tape, this was an easier process thanks to developments in technology but still a lot of sound quality was compromised and it was a long process to record just one tape. This meant that piracy really only existed on a small level as most copying done was only on a very minimal and personal level.  1982 however brought with it the birth of the CD. The first CDs available to the consumer tended to be read only CDs and could not be copied, this appeared to solve the problem of piracy altogether but technology moved faster than the legality and soon the CDs being produced could be copied to any computer with the correct software and then burnt a blank CD. It was this invention of the copy able CD along with the rise in the purchase of home computers that was to provide the initial blow to the music industry.[2]

With the prices of CDs now rising to meet the piracy problem, people started to turn more and more frequently to their own devices for a cheap efficient remedy.

However the utmost challenge to the industry was the invention of the MP3 file or audio compression technology. The invention of the MP3 file by Fraunhofer-Gesellshaft which had begun in 1987 only came to life between 1996 and 1999. After this time its uses were fully utilised and it as a medium sky rocketed. The MP3 file allowed users to search the internet for any song they desired, it allowed them to save any music file to their own computer, and it provided them with a method to share their own music with anyone in the world. It also led to the invention of music sharing facilities online both legal and illegal such as iTunes and LimeWire.

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People could now immediately listen to any type of music in their own home without having to leave the house to trawl through their local music store for the CD they desired. It made music more instant, more readily available, and more accessible to people all over the globe, all that it required was a computer and an internet connection.  It seemed that the music industry had been completely revolutionised but was it to be for good or for bad?

The question must now be asked, what exactly are the effects of people committing music piracy on the music industry? The Record Industry Association of America, (R.I.A.A.), www.riaa.com, published the following figures on their website to prove the overwhelming negative effect advances in technology has had on the music industry in the last 10 year:

¢  1999 $14,584.5

¢  2000 $14,323.0

¢  2001 $13,740.9

¢  2002 $12,614.2

¢  2003 $11,854.4

¢  2004 $12,345.0

¢  2005 $12,296.9

¢  2006 $11,758.2

¢  2007 $10,372.1

¢  2008 $8,480.2

These figures (in millions), show the overall size of the sound recording industry based on manufacturers’ shipments for the particular year.[3] The revenue generated from music sales has almost halved in the last ten years and it seems that this is a trend that is set to continue. The R.I.A.A. estimates that global music piracy causes $12.5billion of economic losses every year. This is a mix of job losses, tax losses and income losses.[4] These figures highlight the threat that music piracy has over the livelihoods of artists, writers and record label employees but also over the thousands of people that work within the music industry from music store owners to warehouse workers to sound technicians. Music piracy also effects up and coming musicians as they receive little or no money for anything they produce and they generally resort to giving their music away for free until they gain enough recognition to benefit in any manner from selling it.

Why then with these depressing statistics do people continue to be involved in pirating music when they understand the consequences not just to themselves but to thousands of others also? In our current economic climate it seems much more reasonable to utilise the free resources that are available to us. Why make the trip to the store and pay €20 for a CD when you can just turn on your computer and get it for free? Everyone else is doing it seems to be one justifiable explanation and there is little sign of any repercussions. There is a distance from the legality and from the moral obligation to the artists and writers because it is in a persons own home, on a persons own computer, which they are completely comfortable with and used to. It is also a more selective process instead of having to buy a whole album in order to listen to one song which can be costly you can just download the one song you desire. It is also much easier to find more obscure artists online than it is in a shop particularly if you happen to live in a more remote area. Furthermore by downloading an album for free you can listen to it and see if you will enjoy it before parting with your money.

However the question must be asked is the music industry fighting a losing battle against the pirates? Can music piracy be stopped?

 It appears that technology is moving so fast that it is impossible to police all of the music industry. Not to mind enough to counteract the huge losses that are incurred through music piracy. Record companies are prosecuting individuals but it is a slow process with few beneficial results. In America religion is being used as a factor to try and discourage people from pirating music,  phrases such as “Would Jesus pirate music?” are common to try and discourage people from pirating on moral grounds. Some music companies are also introducing sampling facilities which allows the consumer to sample music before buying it, which will encourage people to pay for it if they like it. However it does seem that much more stringent measures will have to be put in place if any real change is to occur.

Are there then any positive effects of technology on the music industry?

Radiohead are one band that decided to try and give the people what they wanted and release their album online. People had to contribute whatever donation they felt was deserved and then received the album in return. The album, the first in four years from Radiohead, sold 122,000 hard copies in the United States in its first week, according to Nielsen SoundScan. Not quite as successful as 2003’s “Hail to the Thief,” but still positive taking into consideration the clear downturn in the music industry in a brief period of time. “Thief” sold approximately 300,000 in its first week in 2003. This provides some evidence that fans and consumers still desire the material good along with the digital.[5] It must be noted however that Radiohead are a well established band with a dedicated fan base that appeal to ages outside the main group involved in piracy 16-29.[6] Of course technology also allows artists to promote themselves and their work, and to reach a wider audience all over the globe than ever before, allowing them to become household names much faster than was ever previously conceivable. Websites like Twitter and Facebook allow self-promotion and personal communication with fans which can only be a positive thing and furthermore it allows new acts to be discovered. However, it also means that new and upcoming bands tend to get lost in the dense maze of online music thanks to websites like MySpace, which is home to countless musical projects.

There will always be the faithful fans who appreciate that the artists and writers have worked to provide us with entertainment and enjoyment and will have the respect to pay for the privilege of listening to the music but there will also always be those who look past this for to benefit themselves. It seems that the music industry has a long way to go before the problem of music piracy will be resolved.

Bibliography


[1] http://www.riaa.com/faq.php

[2] http://www.musicbizadvice.com/a_little_history_on_music_piracy%20.htm

[3] http://www.riaa.com/keystatistics.php

[4] http://www.riaa.com/faq.php

[5] http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/10/arts/music/10radio.html

[6] http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/10/arts/music/10radio.html

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